Abstract

Author:
Rayyan Salim Mahmood, Saleh Ahmed Eesa Aljobory, Khalid Omairy Mohammed, Amaar Monaf Mohammed, Eman abd alsamad Ali

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

T4SSs are the essential nanomechanisms, which provide the transportation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), proteins, and other substances across bacterial cell membranes. This system plays a key role in plant-pathogenic bacteria virulence, horizontal gene transfer, and plant host adaptation. This review summarizes and systematizes the principal results of the major studies carried out since 2010 and points to the structural organization and evolutionary processes as well as the various functional processes of the type IV secretion systems. It also discusses their relations with plant families, their implications on crop protection and future research directions. This review demonstrates that the type IV secretion systems play a crucial role in the interaction between plants and pathogens and can serve as the target of sustainable disease management approaches To control the bacterial diseases of plants and to reduce the risk of economic losses, we have to discover how bacteria infect the plants and target them at the initial stages of infection.